support for his Bank project. As a result, the First Bank of the United States was chartered byCongress in that same year. The First Bank of the United States was modeled after the Bank of England, partly owned by foreigners, who would share from its profits. The Bank was bitterly opposed by several founding fathers, including Thomas Jefferson and JamesMadison, who saw it as an engine for speculation, financial manipulation, and corruption.
"I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our libertiesthan standing armies. If the American people ever allow private banks tocontrol the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, thebanks and corporations that will grow up around [the banks] will deprivethe people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on thecontinent their fathers conquered. The issuing power should be taken fromthe banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs."
-Thomas JeffersonPublic outrage over the abuses of the First Bank of the United States, including its practice of fractional lendingat a 10:1 rate (ten dollars of loans for each dollar they had on deposit) wassuch that its charter was not renewed and the bank ceased to exist in 1811.The war of 1812 again left the country in economic chaos, putting the United States insignificant debt. This debt led to an increase in banknotes among new private banks, and as aresult, inflation increased greatly. Seeing another opportunity for easy profits for bankers, theSecond Bank of the United States, chartered in 1816 was founded out of desperation tostabilize the currency by President James Madison.The Bank aided a real estate boom through its 10:1 fractional lending, which encouragedspeculation in land. This lending allowed almost anyone to borrow money and speculate inland, sometimes doubling or even tripling the prices of land. With such a boom, hardlyanyone noticed the widespread fraud occurring at the Bank as well as the economic bubblethat had been created. In the summer of 1818, the national bank managers realized the bank'smassive over-extension, and instituted a policy of contraction and the calling in of loans. Thisrecalling of loans simultaneously curtailed land sales and slowed the U.S. production boomresulting in the Panic of 1819.The Second Bank of the United States had thrived from the tax revenue that the federalgovernment regularly deposited and served as the depository for Federal funds until 1833,when President Andrew Jackson instructed his Secretaries of the Treasury to cease depositingthe funds. Jackson saw the bank as an instrument of political corruption and a threat toAmerican liberties. In Jackson's veto message, the bank needed to be abolished because:
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It concentrated the nation's financial strength in a single institution.
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It exposed the government to control by foreign interests.
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It served mainly to make the rich richer.
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It exercised too much control over members of Congress.
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It favored northeastern states over southern and western states.
The Central Bank's money-lending functions were taken over by the legions of local and state banks that sprang up, leading to an expansion of credit and speculation. At first, as Jacksonwithdrew money from the Bank to invest it in other banks, land sales, canal construction,cotton production, and manufacturing boomed. However, due to the practice of banks issuing