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ASME B46.1-2019
M00051206
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ASME B46.1-2019 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)
standard by ASME International, 06/30/2020
Full Description
This Standard is concerned with the geometric irregularities of surfaces. It defines surface texture and its constituents: roughness, waviness, and lay. It also defines parameters for specifying surface texture. The terms and ratings in this Standard relate to surfaces produced by such means as abrading, casting, coating, cutting, etching, plastic deformation, sintering, wear, erosion, etc.Intended for design, drafting, mechanical, manufacturing, production, tool/gage, quality, process and project engineers, CAD/CAM/CAE specialists, inspectors and educators across a broad range of global manufacturing. Special emphasis on aerospace, automotive, medical device, precision instrumentation and related industries.
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Surface Texture
(Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)
AN INTERNA TIONAL S T AND ARD
ASME B46.1-2019
(Revision of ASME B46.1-2009)
ASME B46.1-2019
(Revision of ASME B46.1-2009)
Surface Texture
(Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)
AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
Two Park Avenue • New York, NY • 10016 USA
Date of Issuance: June 30, 2020
The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2025.
ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Standard. Interpretations are published on the Committee web page and under https://go.asme.org/InterpsDatabase. Periodically certain actions of the ASME B46 Committee may be published as Cases. Cases are published on the ASME website under the B46 Committee Page at https://go.asme.org/B46committee as they are issued.
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This international code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards and it is an American National Standard. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competentand concerned interestshave had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at- large.
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without the prior written permission of the publisher.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright © 2020 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A.
CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Correspondence With the B46 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Summary of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Section 1 | Terms Related to Surface Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1 |
1-1 | General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1 |
1-2 | Definitions Related to Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1 |
1-3 | Definitions Related to the Measurement of Surface Texture by Profiling Methods . . . . . | 3 |
1-4 | Definitions of Surface Parameters for Profiling Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 6 |
1-5 | Definitions Related to the Measurement of Surface Texture by Area Profiling and Area Averaging Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 15 |
1-6 | Definitions of Surface Parameters for Area Profiling and Area Averaging Methods . . . . . | 16 |
Section 2 | Classification of Instruments for Surface Texture Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 21 |
2-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 21 |
2-2 | Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 21 |
2-3 | Classification Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 22 |
Section 3 | Terminology and Measurement Procedures for Profiling, Contact, Skidless Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 24 |
3-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 24 |
3-2 | References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 24 |
3-3 | Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 24 |
3-4 | Measurement Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 29 |
Section 4 | Measurement Procedures for Contact, Skidded Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 31 |
4-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 31 |
4-2 | References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 31 |
4-3 | Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 31 |
4-4 | Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 31 |
Section 5 | Measurement Techniques for Area Profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 36 |
5-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 36 |
5-2 | References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 36 |
5-3 | Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 36 |
5-4 | Imaging Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 36 |
5-5 | Scanning Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 36 |
Section 6 | Measurement Techniques for Area Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 37 |
6-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 37 |
6-2 | Examples of Area Averaging Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 37 |
Section 7 | Nanometer Surface Texture and Step Height Measurements by Stylus Profiling Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 38 |
7-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 38 |
7-2 | Applicable Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 38 |
7-3 | Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 38 |
7-4 | Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 39 |
7-5 | Preparation for Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 40 |
7-6 | Calibration Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 41 |
7-7 | Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 42 |
Section 8 | Nanometer Surface Roughness as Measured With Phase Measuring Interferometric Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 43 |
8-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 43 |
8-2 | Description and Definitions: Noncontact Phase Measuring Interferometer . . . . . . . . . . . | 43 |
8-3 | Key Sources of Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 43 |
8-4 | Noncontact Phase Measuring Interferometer Instrument Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . | 45 |
8-5 | Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 45 |
8-6 | Measurement Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 45 |
8-7 | Data Analysis and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 46 |
8-8 | References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 46 |
Section 9 | Filtering of Surface Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 47 |
9-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 47 |
9-2 | References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 47 |
9-3 | Definitions and General Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 47 |
9-4 | 2RC Filter Specification for Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 48 |
9-5 | Phase Correct Gaussian Filter for Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 50 |
9-6 | Filtering for Waviness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 53 |
9-7 | Filtering of Surfaces With Stratified Functional Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 55 |
Section 10 | Terminology and Procedures for Evaluation of Surface Textures Using Fractal Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 56 |
10-1 | General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 56 |
10-2 | Definitions Relative to Fractal-Based Analysis of Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 56 |
10-3 | Reporting the Results of Fractal Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 59 |
10-4 | References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 61 |
Section 11 | Specifications and Procedures for Precision Reference Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 63 |
11-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 63 |
11-2 | References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 63 |
11-3 | Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 63 |
11-4 | Reference Specimens: Profile Shape and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 63 |
11-5 | Physical Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 64 |
11-6 | Assigned Value Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 64 |
11-7 | Mechanical Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 65 |
11-8 | Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 66 |
11-9 | Calibration Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 66 |
Section 12 | Specifications and Procedures for Roughness Comparison Specimens . . . . . . . . . . | 75 |
12-1 | Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 75 |
12-2 | References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 75 |
12-3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
12-4 Roughness Comparison Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
12-5 Surface Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
12-6 Nominal Roughness Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
12-7 Specimen Size, Form, and Lay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
12-8 Calibration of Comparison Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
12-9 Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Nonmandatory Appendices
A | General Notes on Use and Interpretation of Data Produced by Stylus Instruments . . . . . | 78 |
B | Control and Production of Surface Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 80 |
C | A Review of Additional Surface Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 84 |
D | Additional Parameters for Surface Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 91 |
E | Characteristics of Certain Area Profiling Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 94 |
F | Descriptions of Area Averaging Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 101 |
G | Observations on the Filtering of Surface Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 104 |
H | Reference Subroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 106 |
I | A Comparison of ASME and ISO Surface Texture Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 114 |
J | Functional Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 117 |
K | Suggested Terminology and Procedures for the Evaluation of Functional Correlations of | |
Surface Textures With Processing and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 118 | |
Figures | ||
1-2.1-1 | Schematic Diagram of Surface Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 2 |
1-3.1-1 | Measured Versus Nominal Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3 |
1-3.1.1-1 | Stylus Profile Displayed With Two Different Aspect Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 4 |
1-3.2-1 | Filtering a Surface Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 5 |
1-3.2-2 | Examples of Nominal Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 6 |
1-3.3-1 | Profile Peak, Valley, and Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 7 |
1-3.5-1 | Surface Profile Measurement Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |