ASME PTB-1-2014

ASME

Section VIII – Division 2 Criteria and Commentary

Copyright c 2014 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

No reproduction may be made of this material without written consent of ASME.

PTB-1-2014

ASME Section VIII – Division 2 Criteria and Commentary

David A. Osage, P.E. James C. Sowinski, P.E.

The Equity Engineering Group, Inc.

Date of Issuance: May 27, 2014

This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by ASME Pressure Technology Codes and Standards (PTCS) through the ASME Standards Technology, LLC (ASME ST-LLC).

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ISBN No. 978-0-7918-6927-7

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PTB-1-2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword xi

Acknowledgements xiii

Organization and Use xiv

1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 1

   1. General 1

      1. Introduction 1

      2. Organization 1

      3. Definitions 2

   2. Scope 2

      1. Overview 2

      2. Additional Requirements for Very High Pressure Vessels 3

      3. Geometric Scope of This Division 3

      4. Classifications Outside the Scope of this Division 3

      5. Combination Units 4

      6. Field Assembly of Vessels 4

      7. Pressure Relief Devices 4

   3. Standards Referenced by This Division 4

   4. Units of Measurement 4

   5. Tolerances 4

   6. Technical Inquires 5

   7. Annexes 5

2. RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES 6

   1. General 6

   2. User Responsibilities 6

   3. Manufacturer’s Responsibilities 7

      1. Code Compliance 7

      2. Materials Selection 7

      3. Manufacturer’s Design Report 7

      4. Manufacturer’s Data Report 8

      5. Manufacturer’s Construction Records 8

      6. Quality Control System 8

      7. Certification of Subcontracted Services 8

      8. Inspection and Examination 9

      9. Application of Certification Mark 9

   4. The Inspector 9

   5. Criteria and Commentary Tables 13

3. MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS 15

   1. General Requirements 15

   2. Materials Permitted for Construction of Vessel Parts 15

   3. Supplemental Requirements for Ferrous Materials 16

   4. Supplemental Requirements for Cr-Mo Steels 17

   5. Supplemental Requirements for Q&T Steels with Enhanced Tensile Properties 17

   6. Supplemental Requirements for Nonferrous Materials 17

   7. Supplemental Requirements for Bolting 17

   8. Supplemental Requirements for Castings 18

   9. Supplemental Requirements for Hubs Machined From Plate 18

   10. Material Test Requirements 18

   11. Material Toughness Requirements 18

       1. General 18

       2. Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Except Bolting 19

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       3. Quenched and Tempered Steels 24

       4. High Alloy Steels Except Bolting 24

       5. Non-Ferrous Alloys 24

       6. Bolting Materials 24

       7. Toughness Testing Procedures 24

       8. Impact Testing of Welding Procedures and Test Plates of Ferrous Materials 24

   12. Allowable Design Stresses 24

   13. Strength Parameters 27

   14. Physical Properties 27

   15. Design Fatigue Curves 27

   16. Nomenclature 27

   17. Definitions 27

   18. Annexes 27

   19. Criteria and Commentary References 32

   20. Criteria and Commentary Nomenclature 32

   21. Criteria and Commentary Tables 36

   22. Criteria and Commentary Figures 49

4. DESIGN-BY-RULE REQUIREMENTS 71

   1. General Requirements 71

      1. Scope 71

      2. Minimum Thickness Requirements 72

      3. Material Thickness Requirements 72

      4. Corrosion Allowance in Design Equations 72

      5. Design Basis 72

      6. Design Allowable Stress 75

      7. Materials in Combination 75

      8. Combination Units 75

      9. Cladding and Weld Overlay 76

      10. Internal Linings 76

      11. Flanges and Pipe Fittings 76

      12. Nomenclature 76

   2. Design Rules for Welded Joints 76

      1. Scope 76

      2. Weld Category 76

      3. Weld Joint Type 77

      4. Weld Joint Factor 77

      5. Types of Joints Permitted 77

      6. Nomenclature 77

   3. Design Rules for Shells Under Internal Pressure 77

      1. Scope 77

      2. Shell Tolerances 77

      3. Cylindrical Shells 78

      4. Conical Shells 83

      5. Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads 83

      6. Torispherical Heads 85

      7. Ellipsoidal Heads 88

      8. Local Thin Areas 88

      9. Drilled Holes not Penetrating Through the Vessel Wall 89

      10. Combined Loadings and Allowable Stresses 89

      11. Cylindrical-To-Conical Shell Transition Junctions Without a Knuckle 90

      12. Cylindrical-To-Conical Shell Transition Junctions With a Knuckle 90

      13. Nomenclature 91

   4. Design Rules for Shells Under External Pressure and Allowable Compressive Stresses 91

      1. Scope 91

      2. Design Factors 92

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      3. Material Properties 92

      4. Shell Tolerances 93

      5. Cylindrical Shells 93

      6. Conical Shell 94

      7. Spherical Shell and Hemispherical Head 94

      8. Torispherical Head 95

      9. Ellipsoidal Head 95

      10. Local Thin Areas 95

      11. Drilled Holes not Penetrating Through the Vessel Wall 95

      12. Combined Loadings and Allowable Compressive Stresses 95

      13. Cylindrical-To-Conical Shell Transition Junctions Without a Knuckle 95

      14. Cylindrical-To-Conical Shell Transition Junctions With a Knuckle 95

      15. Nomenclature 95

   5. Design Rules for Shells Openings in Shells and Heads 95

   6. Design Rules for Flat Heads 97

   7. Design Rules for Spherically Dished Bolted Covers 97

   8. Design Rules for Quick Actuating (Quick Opening) Closures 98

   9. Design Rules for Braced and Stayed Surfaces 98

   10. Design Rules for Ligaments 98

   11. Design Rules for Jacketed Vessels 98

   12. Design Rules for NonCircular Vessels 99

   13. Design Rules for Layered Vessels 100

   14. Evaluation of Vessels Outside of Tolerance 100

       1. Shell Tolerances 100

       2. Local Thin Areas 100

       3. Marking and Reports 100

   15. Design Rules for Supports and Attachments 100

       1. Scope 100

       2. Design of Supports 100

       3. Saddle Supports for Horizontal Vessels 101

       4. Skirt Supports for Vertical Vessels 101

       5. Lug and Leg Supports 101

       6. Nomenclature 102

   16. Design Rules for Flanged Joints 102

   17. Design Rules for Clamped Connections 103

   18. Design Rules for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 103

   19. Design Rules for Bellows Expansion Joints 104

   20. Criteria and Commentary References 105

   21. Criteria and Commentary Nomenclature 108

   22. Criteria and Commentary 116

   23. Criteria and Commentary Figures 126

5. DESIGN-BY-ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS 142

   1. General Requirements 142

      1. Scope 142

      2. Numerical Analysis 143

      3. Loading Conditions 143

   2. Protection Against Plastic Collapse 146

      1. Overview 146

      2. Elastic Stress Analysis Method 147

      3. Limit-Load Analysis Method 151

      4. Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis Method 153

   3. Protection Against Local Failure 154

      1. Overview 154

      2. Elastic Analysis 154

      3. Elastic-Plastic Analysis 155

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   4. Protection Against Collapse from Buckling 158

   5. Protection Against Failure from Cyclic Loading 159

      1. Overview 159

      2. Screening Criteria for Fatigue Analysis 160

      3. Fatigue Assessment – Elastic Stress Analysis and Equivalent Stresses 165

      4. Fatigue Assessment – Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis and Equivalent Strains 172

      5. Fatigue Assessment of Welds – Elastic Stress Analysis and Structural Stress 173

      6. Ratcheting – Elastic Stress Analysis 180

      7. Ratcheting Assessment – Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis 183

   6. Supplemental Requirements for Stress Classification in Nozzle Necks 184

   7. Supplemental Requirements for Bolts 185

   8. Supplemental Requirements for Perforated Plates 185

   9. Supplemental Requirements for Layered Vessels 185

   10. Experimental Stress Analysis 185

   11. Fracture Mechanic Evaluations 185

   12. Definitions 185

   13. Annexes 186

   14. Criteria and Commentary References 187

   15. Criteria and Commentary Nomenclature 189

   16. Criteria and Commentary 198

   17. Criteria and Commentary Figures 216

6. FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS 226

   1. General Fabrication Requirements 226

      1. Materials 226

      2. Forming 227

      3. Base Metal Preparation 227

      4. Fitting and Alignment 228

      5. Cleaning of Surfaces to be Welded 228

      6. Alignment Tolerances for Edges to be Butt Welded 228

   2. Welding Fabrication Requirements 228

      1. Welding Processes 228

      2. Welding Qualifications and Records 229

      3. Precautions to be Taken Before Welding 229

      4. Specific Requirements for Welded Joints 229

      5. Miscellaneous Welding Requirements 230

      6. Summary of Joints Permitted and Their Examination 230

      7. Repair of Weld Defects 230

      8. Special Requirements for Welding Test Plates for Titanium Materials 230

   3. Special Requirements for Tube-To-Tubesheet Welds 230

   4. Preheating and Heat Treatment of Weldments 231

      1. Requirements for Preheating of Welds 231

      2. Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment 231

      3. Procedures for Postweld Heat Treatment 233

      4. Operation of Postweld Heat Treatment 234

      5. Postweld Heat Treatment After Repairs 234

      6. Postweld Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Materials 235

   5. Special Requirements for Clad or Weld Overlay Linings, and Lined Parts 235

   6. Special Requirements for Tensile Property Enhanced Q&T Ferritic Steels 236

   7. Special Requirements for Forged Vessel Fabrication 237

   8. Special Fabrication Requirements for Layered Vessels 237

   9. Special Fabrication Requirements for Expansion Joints 237

   10. Criteria and Commentary References 237

   11. Criteria and Commentary Nomenclature 238

   12. Criteria and Commentary Tables 238

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7. INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS 239

   1. General 239

   2. Responsibilities and Duties 239

   3. Qualification of Nondestructive Examination Personnel 239

      1. Nondestructive Examination Requirements 240

      2. Examination Groups for Pressure Vessels 240

      3. Extent of Nondestructive Examination 241

      4. Selection of Examination Methods for Internal (Volumetric) Flaws 241

      5. Selection of Examination Methods for Surface Flaws 242

      6. Surface Condition and Preparation 242

      7. Supplemental Examination for Cyclic Service 242

      8. Examination and Inspection of Vessels with Protective Linings and Cladding 242

      9. Examination and Inspection of Tensile Property Enhanced Q and T Vessels 242

      10. Examination Requirements of Integrally Forged Vessels 242

      11. Examination and Inspection of Fabricated Layered Vessels 242

      12. Examination and Inspection of Expansion Joints 242

   4. Examination Method and Acceptance Criteria 243

      1. General 243

      2. Visual Examination 243

      3. Radiographic Examination 243

      4. Ultrasonic Examination 243

      5. Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) 245

      6. Liquid Penetrant Examinations (PT) 245

      7. Eddy Current Surface Examination Procedure Requirements (ET) 245

      8. Evaluation and Retest for Partial Examination 245

   5. Final Examination of Vessel 245

      1. Surface Examination After Hydrotest 245

      2. Inspection of Lined Vessel Interior After Hydrotest 245

   6. Leak Testing 246

   7. Acoustic Emission 246

   8. Annexes 246

   9. Criteria and Commentary References 246

   10. Criteria and Commentary Tables 247

8. PRESSURE TESTING REQUIREMENTS 253

   1. General Requirements 253

   2. Hydrostatic Testing 254

   3. Pneumatic Testing 254

   4. Alternative Pressure Testing 255

   5. Documentation 255

   6. Nomenclature 255

   7. Criteria and Commentary References 255

   8. Criteria and Commentary Nomenclature 255

9. PRESSURE VESSEL OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION 256

   1. General Requirements 256

   2. Pressure Relief Valves 256

   3. Non-Reclosing Pressure Relief Devices 256

   4. Calculation of Rated Capacity for Different Relieving Pressures and/or Fluids 256

   5. Marking and Stamping 256

   6. Provisions for Installation of Pressure Relieving Devices 256

   7. Overpressure Protection by Design 257

   8. Criteria and Commentary References 257

ANNEX A 258

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Typical Certification of Compliance of the User’s Design Specification (VIII-2 Table 2-A.1)

...................................................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 2-2: Typical Certification of Compliance of the Manufacturer’s Design Report (VIII-2 Table 2- B.1) 14

Figure 3-1: Material Assignment Table Based on Exemption Curves and Notes for Figure 3-16 and 3- 17 36

Figure 3-2: Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress Values for ASME B&PV Code Section II, Part D, Tables 5A and 5B 38

Figure 3-3: Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress Values for ASME B&PV Code Section II, Part D, Tables 5A and 5B 39

Figure 3-4: Criteria for Establishing Allowable Stress Values for ASME B&PV Code Section II, Part D, Table 4 40

Figure 3-5: Criteria for Establishing the Nominal Design Stress for Pressure Parts Other than Bolt per EN13445 41

Figure 3-6: Criteria for Establishing the Nominal Design Stress for Bolting per EN13445 42

Figure 3-7: Strength Parameters and Allowable Stress for SA 516 Grade 70 and P295GH 43

Figure 3-8: Strength Parameters and Allowable Stress for SA 240 Type 204 and X5CrNi18-10 44

Figure 3-9: (VIII-2 Table 3.D.1) – Stress-Strain Curve Parameters 45

Figure 3-10: (VIII-2 Table 3.D.2) – Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve Data 46

Figure 3-11: Uniform Material Law for Estimating Cyclic Stress-Strain and Strain Life Properties 48

Figure 3-12: (VIII-2 Figure 3.3) – Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels As a Function of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength – Parts Not Subject to PWHT 49

Figure 3-13: (VIII-2 Figure 3.4) – Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Requirements for Full-Size Specimens for Carbon and Low Alloy Steels As a Function of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength – Parts Subject to PWHT 50

Figure 3-14: (VIII-2 Figure 3.5) – Illustration of Lateral Expansion in a Broken Charpy V-Notch Specimen

...................................................................................................................................................... 51

Figure 3-15: (VIII-2 Figure 3.6) – Lateral Expansion Requirements 52

Figure 3-16: (VIII-2 Figure 3.7) – Impact Test Exemption Curves – Parts Not Subject to PWHT 52

Figure 3-17: (VIII-2 Fig